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Friday, 5 September 2008
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Advanced Access Content System, BLU-RAY, volume IDs, Processing Keys, AACS

Advanced Access Content System AACS

Hacking the Advanced Access Content System

The intent was simple, the ability to backup and play the new HD format movies using typical software players on PCs. The problem was there were conflicts with certain video devices under platforms such as Windows, Linux, X-Box -- "fair-play" and the digital rights management system prevented many people from watching their movies.

As it was predicted, in 2007, hackers started to release several programs to decrypt the content from this new advanced video format.

Software has even exposed the volume ID for discs played on X-Box 360 HD-DVD drives. Now every X-Box 360 drive can now be used as a device to validate volume IDs. Any inserted disc will play without first authenticating with AACS, even those with volume IDs which have already been "revoked" by the AACS LA. Add the exposed processing keys and you can decrypt and backup your discs for playback on any device of your choosing.

Will the AACS continue to revoke all the volume IDs for the units that will continue to be exposed? :) Each time an ID gets revoked there is a 90-day wait period before it is black-listed. The MPAA will just continue to play catch-up.

There are also some PC software video players that have been patched to support AACS content. Besides spreading software for processing keys all over the Internet, title keys can be found on various sites. Many circumvention methods continue to be discovered...

The AACS LA lawyers have, of course, filed their typical anti-freespeech DMCA violation "take down" notices to ISPs and web sites that are hosting AACS related decryption processing keys, title keys, device keys, decryption software, device driver patches, source code, etc.

Sorry, but links to "Processing Keys to Circumvent AACS Copyright Protection" will get you a legal notice. So basically they are trying to claim copyright to these 128-bit number keys (volume IDs) themselves.
[ Read More ... ]

Download Software

You can find many software packages in various programming languages designed to extract these HD-DVD title keys.

BackupHDDVD, is a utility to decrypt AACS protected movies. Extracts title and volume keys for HD-DVD. It is a Java based command line utility that decrypts video files (.EVO) from a HD-DVD disc, to hard drive. This was the first code released to circumvent the AACS HD-DVD technology.
Search for download links.

About Advanced Access Content System

What is the infamous AACS? The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is an ISO format standard for the distribution and protection of media content. It's main intent is to restrict access to and copying of DVD-optical-discs. A "fair-play" digital rights system for the next generation.

While AACS is used by both HD disc formats (HD-DVD & Blu-Ray) the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), backed by Toshiba and Sony, has added some added security features. The additions are "BD+", a Blu-ray-specific enhancement for content protection renewability, and "ROM Mark", a measure to guard against massive piracy, mass duplication and sale of unauthorized copies of pre-recorded media.

Papers:
» Cryptanalysis of High-Def Content Protection (AACS) (2001) [html]
» AACS Introduction and Common Cryptographic Elements [pdf]
» AACS Pre-recorded Video Specifications [pdf]
» AACS Recordable Video Specifications [pdf]
» Blu-ray Disc Pre-recorded Specifications (2006) [pdf]
» Blu-ray Disc Recordable Specifications (2006) [pdf]
» HD-DVD and DVD Recordable Specifications (2006) [pdf]
» HD-DVD and DVD Recordable Specifications (2005) [pdf]
» AACS Manufacturers Licensing Agreement (2006) [pdf]

Content Scramble System

Under the original DVD digital rights management system, Content Scramble System (CSS), all players shared decryption keys. Content is encrypted under the title-specific key, which is itself encrypted under each model's key. This serious design flaw lead to it's easy defeat with the release of DeCSS (decrypt CSS). Since then, the DeCSS code has been implemented in an uncountable number of successful "DVD Backup software" or "DVD Copy software" packages.
Search for 'DVD Backup Software' downloads.
Search for 'DVD Copy Software' downloads.

Advanced Decryption Methodology

AACS uses basic cryptography to control the use of digital media. It encrypts content under one or more title keys using the Advanced Encryption System (AES). Title keys are derived from a combination of a media key and other several elements, including the volume ID-serial number of the media, and a hash of the title's usage rules.

To view the movie, the player must first decrypt the content on the DVD...

The disk contains 4 items:
� Master Key Block (MKB)
� Volume ID
� Encrypted Key
� Encrypted Content (the movie)

The MKB is encrypted in a subset difference tree approach. Essentially, a set of keys are arranged in a tree such that any given key can be used to find every other key except its parent keys. This way, to revoke a given device key, the MKB needs only be encrypted with that device key's parent key.

Once the MKB is decrypted, it provides the Master Processing Key, or the Km. The Km is combined with the Volume ID (which the program can only get by presenting a cryptographic certificate to the drive, as described above) in a one-way encryption scheme (AES-G) to produce the Volume Unique Key (Kvu). The Kvu is used to decrypt the encrypted title key, and that is used to decrypt the encrypted content